allegory和fable的区别_allegory

1.什么是寓言？寓言和童话白什么区别

2.高考英语写作中常见19种修辞手法详解及人物简洁介绍

3.the history of "allegory"

4.英文修辞手法

5.英美文学常用术语及解释

6.专八人文知识之英国文学

7.怎么理解the allegory of the ce

寓言的解释

(1) [fable;allegory;parable]

(2) 有所 隐含的语言 (3) 文学作品的一种体裁。常带有讽刺或劝戒的 性质 ,用托的故事或拟人手法说明某个 道理 或教训 详细解释 (1).有所 寄托 的话。 《庄子·寓言》 ：“寓言十九， 重言 十七 ，巵言日出，和以天倪。” 陆德明 释文：“寓，寄也。以人不信己，故托之他人，十言而九见信也。” (2).指托辞以寓意。 宋 王谠 《唐语林·补遗一》 ：“ 元祐 献诗十首，其词猥陋，皆寓言嬖幸，而意及兵戍。” 明 王琼 《双溪杂记》 ：“后世山林隐逸之士有所纪述，若无统理，然即事寓言，亦 足以 广见闻而资 智识 。” (3).文学作品的一种体裁。用托的故事或 自然 物的拟人手法说明某个道理，常带有劝戒、教育的性质。如我国古代诸子百家 著作 中的寓言、古 希腊 《伊索寓言》 等。

词语分解

寓的解释 寓 ù 原指寄居，后泛指居住：寓公（古代指寄居他国的官僚贵族；后泛指失势寄居他乡的 地主 绅士 等人）。寓居。寓所。寓舍。寓邸。 住的地方：公寓。客寓。 寄托：寄寓。寓目（过目）。寓言（.有所寄托的话；.用 言的解释 言 á 讲，说：言说。言喻。言道。言欢。言情。言必有中（恘 ）（一说就说到点子上）。 说的话：言论。言辞（亦作“言词”）。语言。 言语 。言简意赅。 汉语的字：五言诗。七言绝句。 洋洋 万言。 语助词，无义：

什么是寓言？寓言和童话白什么区别

《美国传统词典》对anthropomorphism的解释是：Attribution of human motivation, characteristics, or behior to inanimate objects, animals, or natural phenomena.

(拟人论，拟人观：赋予无生命的物体，动物或自然现象以人的动机，特征或行动)

对personification的解释是：A figure of speech in which inanimate objects or abstractions are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form.(拟人，人格化：给无生命的东西或者抽象的东西赋予人的个性或绘以人的形象)

很抱歉我也不知道它们在用法上的区别。

《美国传统词典》对fable的解释是：A usually short narrative making an edifying or cautionary point and often employing as characters animals that speak and act like human beings.(寓言：一种通常短小的故事，用来表示启发或谨慎的观点，常利用说话或有人的行为的动物为角色)

对allegory的解释是：A literary, dramatic, or pictorial device in which characters and events stand for abstract ideas, principles, or forces, so that the literal sense has or suggests a parallel, deeper symbolic sense.(讽喻：一种文学、戏剧或绘画的艺术手法，其中人物和代表抽象的观点、原则或支配力，从而使表面含义含有或表达一种对等的，但更深刻的象征意义)

“寓言”是文学体裁，“讽喻”是修辞手法。

高考英语写作中常见19种修辞手法详解及人物简洁介绍

寓言

yùyán

[fable;allegory;parable]

有所隐含的语言

文学作品的一种体裁.常带有讽刺或劝戒的性质,用托的故事或拟人手法说明某个道理或教训

童话与寓言的区别：

一、从概念上看：

童话是一种带有浓厚幻想色彩的虚构故事,幻想是童话的基本特征,是童话的核心,也是童话的灵魂.如《田螺姑娘》、《神笔马良》等.

寓言,就是含有劝喻和讽刺意味的故事.寓,就是寄托,即借助于某种故事形式来表达作者的创作意图.如《汉书·叙传上》里的“邯郸学步”：“昔有学步于邯郸者,曾未得其仿佛,又复失其故步,遂匍匐而归耳.”尽管文字简洁,但已形成有相对完整情节的简短故事,而故事本身又寓含某种深刻的道理,故堪为一篇典型的寓言.

二、从篇幅上看：

童话,故事完整,篇幅较长,情节神奇曲折.如《皇帝的新装》、《蚕和蚂蚁》等.

寓言,结构简单,篇幅短小,情节单纯有趣.如《塞翁失马》、《黔驴技穷》等.

三、从题材上看：

童话多表现幻想世界,充满幻想色彩.从风霜雨雪到星辰日月,从花木草石到鱼鸟虫兽,对大自然的一切事物都可加以人格化,以物拟人,妙趣横生.如《渔夫的故事》.

寓言多来自现实生活,内容多以反映人们对生活的看法,或对某种社会现象的批评,或对某种人的有所讽刺和箴戒.虽然具有虚构的成份,但却是社会现象的高度提炼和概括,更容易为人所接受.如《孟子》“揠苗助长”.

四、从体裁特点看：

童话,表现为形式多样,除用散文形式写的童话外,还有童话诗和童话剧.想象丰富,幻想奇特,抒情说理,寓教于乐,突出形象性,注重趣味性,讲究可读性,如《宝葫芦的秘密》、《卖火柴的小女孩》等.

寓言,表现为借题发挥,由此及彼,托古讽今,小中见大,突出讽刺性,注重实用性,讲究哲理性善于启发性.如《自相矛盾》.《刻舟求剑》.

童话更多偏向于故事情节,童指儿童,面向的是更多的儿童能够听得懂故事内容,喜欢或讨厌故事的人物,培训儿童的基本正义观、是非观.具有较强的性.寓言和童话一样都是虚构的,但寓言更通的是通过故事告诉世人一些道理,对今后的生活有一定的指导意义.面向的读者应该是比童话的读者要略为大些的.比如《白雪公主》可能2岁左右的孩子就能听懂；而《狐狸和葡萄》可能就要5岁左右的孩子才能听懂.

童话：儿童文学的一种体裁,通过丰富的想象、幻想和夸张来编写合适于儿童欣赏的故事.

寓言：1.有所寄托的话 2.用托的故事或自然物的拟人手法来说明某个道理或教训的文学作品,常带有讽刺或劝诫的性质.

寓言,用托的故事寄寓意味深长的道理,给人以启示,寓言一般比较短小,故事的主人公可以是人,也可以是拟人化的动植物或其他事物.阅读寓言,要注意领会故事所蕴含的道理.

童话,儿童文学的一种,通过丰富的想像力,幻想和夸张来塑造形象,反映生活,教育儿童的一种文学形式.

the history of "allegory"

2020高考临近，考生们已经处于紧张的复习备考中，以下是我为大家编辑的高考 英语写作 中常见19种修辞手法详解及人物简洁介绍，仅供考生参考，欢迎大家阅读!

　高考英语写作中常见19种修辞手法详解

1.Simile 明喻

明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性.

标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.

例如:

1.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.

2.I wandered lonely as a cloud.

3.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.

2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻

隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.

例如:

1.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.

2.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.

3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻

借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.

I.以容器代替内容,例如:

1.The kettle boils. 水开了.

2.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.

II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:

Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.

III.以作者代替作品,例如:

a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集

VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:

I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.

4.Synecdoche 提喻

提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.

例如:

1.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体)

他的厂里约有100名工人.

2.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般)

他是本世纪的牛顿.

3.The fox goes very well with your cap.(整体代部分)

这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.

5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉

这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，以感觉写感觉。

通感技巧的运用，能突破语言的局限，丰富表情达意的审美情趣，起到增强文的艺术效果。比如：欣赏建筑的重复与变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏;闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体;听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子;又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的 微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的。

例如:

1.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.(用视觉形容听觉，鸟落在树上，由它发出的声音联想到百合花)

鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音.

2.Taste the music of Mozart.(用嗅觉形容听觉)

品尝Mozart的音乐.

6.Personification 拟人

拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物.

例如:

1.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.(把夜拟人化)

2.I was very hy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.(把鸟拟人化)

7.Hyperbole 夸张

夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果..

例如:

1.I beg a thousand pardons.

2.Love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.

3.When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.

8.Parallelism 排比, 平行

这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语气一致的 短语 . 句子 排列成串,形成一个整体.

例如:

1.No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly hy till all are hy.

2.In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon you and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for them separately.

9.Euphemism 委婉,婉辞法

婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的 方法 表达粗恶,避讳的话.

例如:

1.He is out visiting the necessary. 他出去方便一下.

2.His relation with his wife has not been fortunate. 他与妻子关系不融洽.

3.Deng Xiaoping passed away in 19. (去世)

10.Allegory 讽喻,比方(原意寓言)

建立在借过去或别处的事例与对象之上，传达暗示，影射或者讥讽现世各种现象的含义。

英文解释：an expressive style that uses fictional characters and events to describe some subject by suggestive resemblances; an extended metaphor 摘自英语专业《大学英语教程》一书

这是一种源于希腊文的修辞法,意为换个方式的说法.它是一种形象的描述,具有双重性,表层含义与真正意味的是两回事.

例如:

1.Make the hay while the sun shines.

表层含义：趁着出太阳的时候晒草

真正意味：趁热打铁

2s time to turn plough into sword.

表层含义：是时候把犁变成剑

11.Irony 反语

反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的 作文 方式.如在指责过失.错误时,用赞同过失的说法,而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法.

例如:

1.It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.

早上没有时间观念还真是一件好事啊(真实含义是应该明确早上的时间观念)

2Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you. the waiter said to the beggar.

12.Pun 双关

双关就是用一个词在句子中的双重含义,借题发挥.作出多种解释,旁敲侧击,从而达到意想不到的幽默.滑稽效果.它主要以相似的词形.词意和谐音的方式出现.

例如:

1.She is too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great praise.

2.An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.

3.If we dont hang together, we shall hang separately.

13.Parody 仿拟

这是一种模仿 名言 .警句. 谚语 ,改动其中部分词语,从而使其产生新意的修辞.

例如:

1.Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year.

2.A friend in need is a friend to be oided.

3.If you give a girl an inch nowadays she will make address of it.

14.Rhetorical question 修辞疑问(反问)

它与疑问句的不同在于它并不以得到答复为目的,而是以疑问为手段,取得修辞上的效果,其特点是:肯定问句表示强烈否定,而否定问句表示强烈的肯定.它的答案往往是不言而喻的.

例如:

1.How was it possible target=_blank class=infotextkeypossible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth of note?

2.Shall we allow those untruths to go unanswered?

15.Antithesis 对照,对比,对偶

这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法.

例如:

1.Not that I loved Caeser less but that I loved Romemore.

2.You are staying; I am going.

3.Give me liberty, or give me death.

16.Paradox 隽语

这是一种貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深长的说法,是一种矛盾修辞法..

例如:

1.More haste, less speed.欲速则不达

2.The child is the father to the man.(童年时代可决定人之未来)三岁看大，四岁看老。

17.Oxymoron 反意法,逆喻

这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义.

例如:

1.No light, but rather darkness visible.没有光亮，黑暗却清晰可见

2.The state of this house is cheerless welcome.

18.Climax 渐进法,层进法

这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小.轻重.深浅.高低等逐层渐进,最后达到顶点.可以增强语势,逐渐加深读者印象.

例如:

1.I am sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry.

2.Eye had not seen nor ear heard, and nothing had touched his heart of stone.

19.Anticlimax 渐降法

与climax相反的一种修辞法,将一系列词语由大到小,由强到弱地排列.

例如:

1.On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots.

2.The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.

　三位民族英雄戚继光、郑成功、英文简洁介绍

Today we are going to talk about National hero

First, please look at the pictures and figure out who they are and what they he in common. He once led people to fight against Japanese invaders in Ming Dynasty. So can you remember who he is? Yes.He is Qi Jiguang.

What about the second one? He retrieved Taiwan island from the Dutch invaders in Qing Dynasty. Right, he is Zheng Chenggong.

The third person destroyed much opium in the first opium war, which started from 1840 to 1842, so can you recognize him? Wonderful, he is Lin Zexu.

So what do they he in common? Please think about this question. All of them devoted themselves to defending our homeland and made a lot of contributions to the national integrity, so they are national heroes in our eyes.

英文修辞手法

用简短的事说明一个深刻含义,哲理性很强,借此喻比借小喻大,多用拟人手法.

文学体裁的一种。含有讽喻或明显教训意义的故事。它的结构简短。主人公可以是人，可以是动物，也可以是无生物。多用借喻手法，使富有教训意义的主题或深刻的道理在简单的故事中体现。

寓言是一种的历史悠久而生命力强大的影响广泛的文体。从公元前3000年的苏美尔寓言算起，它已经有了5000年的历史。寓言的产生时间仅仅晚于神话与原始歌谣；但是，在科技昌明的近现代，神话早已经失去了产生的土壤，而寓言创作却仍然兴旺蓬勃。寓言的足迹遍布五大洲的各个国家。任何一个发展到了文明社会阶段的民族，它可能没有其它文体品种，而不可能没有寓言。

东亚“寓言”的词源来源于《庄子》。《庄子·寓言》：“寓言十九，藉外论之。”郭象的注解“十九”说：“十言而九见信。”可见，庄子认为寓言的特点是借另外的事物以说明道理，寓言说理的成功率非常大。可惜，庄子没有强调寓言的故事性，以致古人把寓言理解得过于宽泛，甚至把寓言等同于一般的比喻或者抒发理想的作品。

西方寓言主要有四大类型：1、fable型：以伊索寓言为代表，大多是拟人化的动物故事。如：<狼和小羊>。fable这个词有寓言、童话、神话的含义。

英美文学常用术语及解释

英文修辞手法如下：

Simile明喻、Metaphor暗喻、Metonymy转喻、Synecdoche提喻、Synaesthesia通感、Personification拟人。

Hyperbole夸张、Parallelism平行、Euphemism婉辞法、Allegory比方、Irony反语、Pun双关、Parody仿拟、Rhetoricalquestion修辞疑问、Antithesis对偶、Paradox隽语、Oxymoron反意法、Climax渐进法，层进法、Anticlimax渐降法。

详细介绍：

1、比喻。

比喻句意思是打比方，用浅显、具体、生动的事物来代替抽象、难理解的事物。比喻句的基本结构分为三部分：本体（被比喻的事物）、喻词（表示比喻关系的词语）和喻体（打比方的事物）。

2、夸张。

夸张是为了表达强烈的思想感情，突出某种事物的本质特征，运用丰富的想象力，对事物的某些方面着意夸大或缩小，作艺术上的渲染。

专八人文知识之英国文学

　下面是我整理的一些英美文学常用术语及解释，希望对大家有帮助。

　01. Allegory(寓言)

　Allegory is a story told to explain or teach something. Especially a long and complicated story with an underlying meaning different from the surface meaning of the story itself.2>allegorical novels use extended metaphors to convey moral meanings or attack certain social evils. characters in these novels often stand for different values such as virtue and vice.3>Bunyan?s Pilgrim?s Progress, Melville?s Moby Dick are such examples.

　02. Alliteration(头韵)

　Alliteration means a repetition of the initial sounds of several words in a line or group.

　2>alliteration is a traditional poetic device in English literature.

　3>Robert Frost?s Acquainted with the Night is a case in point:? I he stood still and stopped the sound of feet?

　03. Ballad(民谣)

　Ballad is a story in poetic from to be sung or recited. in more exact literary terminology, a ballad is a narrative poem consisting of quatrains of iambic tetrameter alternating with iambic trimester.(抑扬格四音步与抑扬格三音步诗行交替出现的四行叙事诗)

　2>.ballads were passed down from generation to generation. 3>Coleridge?s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad.

　04. epic(史诗)

　Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of goods and heroes.

　2>Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.

　3>Beowulf is the greatest national Epic of the Anglo-Saxons.

　05. Lay(短叙事诗)

　It is a short poem, usually a romantic narrative, intended to be sung or recited by a minstrel.

　06. Romance()

　Romance is a popular literary form in the medic England.

　2>it sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.

　3>chivalry is the spirit of the romance.

　07. Alexandrine(亚历山大诗行)

　The name is derived from the fact that certain 12th and 13th century French poems on Alexander the Great were written in this meter.

　2>it is an iambic line of six feet, which is the French heroic verse.

　08. Blank Verse(无韵诗或素体广义地说)

　Blank verse is unrhymed poetry. Typically in iambic pentameter, and as such, the dominant verse forms of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th century.

　09. Comedy(喜剧)

　Comedy is a light form of drama that aims primarily to amuse and that ends hily. Since it strives to provoke smile and laughter, both wit and humor are utilized. In general, the comic effect arises from recognition of some incongruity of speech, action, or character revelation, with intricate plot.

　10. Essay( 随笔 )

　The term refers to literary composition devoted to the presentation of the writer?s own ideas on a topic and generally addressing a particular aspect of the subject. Often brief in scope and informal in style, the essay differs from such fomal forms as the thesis, dissertation or treatise.

　11. Euphuistic style(绮丽体)

　Its principle characteristics are the excessive use of antithesis, which is pursued regardless of sense, and emphasized by alliteration and other devices; and of allusions to historical and mythological personages and to natural history drawn from such writers as Plutarch(普卢塔克), Pliny(普林尼), and Erasmus(伊拉兹马斯).2>it is the peculiar style of Euphues(优浮绮斯)

　12. History Plays(历史剧)

　History plays aim to present some historical age or character, and may be either a comedy or a tragedy. They almost tell stories about the nobles, the true people in history, but not ordinary people. the principle idea of Shakespeare?s history plays is the necessity for national unity under a mighty and just sovereign.

　13. Masques or Masks(面剧)

　Masques (or Masks) refer to the dramatic entertainments involving dances and disguises, in which the spectacular and musical elements predominated over plot and character. As they were usually performed at court, often at very great expense, many he political overtones.

　14. Morality plays(道德剧)

　A kind of medic and early Renaissance drama that presents the conflict between the good and evil through allegorical characters. The characters tend to be personified abstractions of vices and virtues, which can be named as Mercy. Conscience, etc. unlike a mystery or a miracle play, morality play does not necessarily use Biblical or strictly religious material because it takes place internally and psychologically in every human being.

　15.Sonnet(十四行诗)

　It is a lyric poem of 14 lines with a formal or recited and characterized by its presentation of a dramatic or exciting episode in simple narrative form.

　2>it is one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe.

　3>Shakespeare?s sonnets are well-known.

　16. Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗节)

　Spenserian Stanza is the creation of Edmund spenser.2>it refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter(五音步抑扬格) and the last line in iambic hexameter(六音步抑扬格),rhyming ababbcbcc. 3>Spenser?s the Faerie Queen was written in this kind of stanza.

　17. Stanza(诗节)

　Stanza is a group of lines of poetry, usually four or more, arranged according to a fixed plan.2>the stanza is the unit of structure in a poem and poets do not vary the unit within a poem.

　18. Three Unities(三一原则)

　Three rules of 16th and 17th century Italian and French drama, broadly adapted from Aristotle?s Poetics<诗学>:

　2>the unity of time, which limits a play to a single day; the unity of place, which limits a play?s setting in a single location; and the unity of action, which limits a play to a single story line.

　19. Tragedy(悲剧)

　In general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhy or disastrous end. Unlike comedy, tragedy depicts the actions of a central character who is usually dignified or heroic.

　20.Conceit(奇特比喻)

　Conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things.2>conceit is extensively employed in John Donne?s poetry.

　21.Metar(格律)

　The word?meter? is derived from the Greek word?metron? meaning?measure?.

　2>in English when lied to poetry, it refers to the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.

　3>the analysis of the meter is called scansion(格律分析)

　22. University Wits(大学才子)

　University Wits refer to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated from either oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playwrights. They were called? University Wits?

　23.Foreshadowing(预兆)

　Foreshadowing, the use of hints or clues in a novel or drama to suggest what will hen next. Writers use Foreshadowing to create interest and to build suspense.

　method used to build suspense by providing hints of what is to come.

　24. Soliloquy(独白)

　Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud..2>the line?to be, or not to be, that is the question?, which begins the famous soliloquy from Shakespeare?s Hamlet.

　25.Narrative Poem(叙述诗)

　Narrative Poem refers to a poem that tells a story in verse,

　2>three traditional types of narrative poems include ballads, epics, metrical romances.

　3>it may consist of a series of incidents, as John Milton?s paradise lost.

　26.Robin Hood(罗宾.豪)

　Robin hood is a legendary hero of a series of English ballads, some of which date from at least the 14th century.

　2>the character of Robin Hood is many-sided. Strong, bre and intelligent, he is at the same time tender-hearted and affectionate.

　3>the dominant key in his character is his hatred for the cruel oppression and his love for the poor and downtrodden.4>another feature of Robin?s view is his reverence for the king, Robin Hood was a people?s hero.

　27. Beowulf(贝奥武甫)

　Beowulf, a typical example of old English poetry, is regarded as the greatest national epic of t he Anglo-Saxons. 2>the epic describes the exploits of a Scandinian hero, Beowulf, in fighting against the monster Grendel, his revengeful nother, and a fire-breathing dragon in his declining years. While fight against the dragon, Beowulf was mortally wounded, however, he killed the dragon at the cost of his life, Beowulf is shown not only as a glorious hero but also as a protector of the people.

　28. Baroque(巴罗克式风格)

　This is originally a term of abuse lied to 17th century Italian art and that of other countries. It is characterized by the unclassical use of classical forms, in a literary context; it is loosely used to describe highly ornamented verse or prose, abounding in extragant conceits.

　这原本是用来指17世纪的意大利艺术和其他国家艺术滥用的一个术语.这种风格主要是指对古典形式的非古典运用.在文学领域,这种风格松散地用来指十分雕饰的,大量运用奇思妙想的诗歌或 散文 .

　29. Calier poets(骑士派诗人)

　A name given to supporters of Charles I in the civil war. These poets were not a formal group, but all influenced by Ben Jonson and like him paid little attention to the sonnet. Their lyrics are distinguished by short lines, precise but idiomatic diction, and an urbane and graceful wit.

　30. Elegy(挽歌)

　Elegy has typically been used to refer to reflective poems that lament the loss of something or someone, and characterized by their metrical form.

　31. Restoration Comedy(复辟时期喜剧)

　Restoration Comedy, also the comedy of manners, developed upon the reopening of the theatres after the re-establishment of monarchy with the return of Charles II.. Its predominant tone was witty, bawdy, cynical, and amoral. Standard characters include fops, bawds, scheming valets, country squires, and ually voracious young widows and older women. The principle theme is ual intrigue, either for its own sake or for money.

　复辟时期的喜剧,又称社会习俗讽刺喜剧,是在查理二世君主复辟后剧院重新开业的基础上发展起来的,其主要的基调是诙谐,*秽,挖苦和非道德.标准的角色包括花花公子,鸨母,诡计多端的仆人,乡绅,旺盛的年轻寡妇和老女人.主要的主题是,有的是为了性,有的是为了钱.

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怎么理解the allegory of the ce

专八人文知识之英国文学

　引导语：下面是应届毕业生培训网整理而成的，关于专八考试人文知识的文章，谢谢您的阅读

　一、 古英语时期的英国文学(499-1066)

　1、 贝奥武夫 Beowulf (公元八世纪)：是迄今为止发现的英国盎格鲁?撒克逊时期最古老、最长的一部较完整的文学作品，也是欧洲最早的方言史诗。

　2、 阿尔弗雷德大帝 Alfred the Great ：英国散文之父Father of English Prose

　二、 中古英语时期的英国文学

　1、暗讽体allegory非常盛行：这是一种源于希腊文的修辞法,意为"换个方式的说法".它是一种形象的描述,具有双重性,表层含义与真正意味的是两回事.

　2、Romance 开始上升到一定的高度

　3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士Sir Gawain and the Green Knight：反映了骑士制度chivalry的理想，是中世纪封建贵族文化的精髓。

　4、威廉?兰格伦 Willian Langlaud ： 著有《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》Piers Plowman

　5、 乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer：坎特伯雷故事集(英雄双韵体) The Canterbury Tales 。在英国文学史上，他是第一个使用十音节?双韵体?的诗人，这个诗体后来在他首创下，演化成了?英雄双韵体?，?英雄双韵体?为以后的英国诗人所广泛用。他也因此被誉为?英国诗歌之父?Father of English poetry。

　6、 托马斯.马洛礼 Sir Thomas Malory 《亚瑟王之死》The Death of King Arthur

三、 文艺复兴时期的英国文学(伊丽莎白时代)(14-16世纪)

　1、托马斯.莫尔 Sir Thomas More ：《乌托邦》Utopia

　2、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯?怀特和 Henry Howard亨利?霍华德把十四行诗sonnet引入英国

　3、菲利普?锡德尼 Philips Sidney： 著有《诗辩》The defense of Poesie，这是伊丽莎白时代文学批评的最佳之作;《阿卡迪亚》Arcadia 描述田园生活，为现代长篇的先驱

　4、斯宾塞 Edmund Spenser ：《仙后》The Faerie Queene。《仙后》是一部寓言性作品，表达人文主义道德理想，歌颂冒险精神和征服的快乐、对现实生活的热爱。《仙后》中创造的诗体被称为?斯宾塞诗节?Spenserian stanzas。

　5、莎士比亚 William Shakespeare：

　长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》Venus and Adonis、《鲁克丽丝受辱记》The Rape of Lucrece

　四大悲剧 Four Great Tragedies：哈姆雷特 Hamlet 、李尔王 King Lear、奥赛罗 Othello、麦克白 Macbeth

　7、 本.琼森 Ben Jonson ： 《人性互异》 Every Man in His Humor，为风俗喜剧comedyof manners

　8、 约翰.多恩 John Donne： ?玄学派?metaphysical poetry诗歌创始人

　9、乔治?赫伯特 George Herbert ：玄学派诗圣，著有《召唤》The Call

　10、弗朗西斯?培根 Francis Bacon：现代科学modern science和唯物主义哲学prevailing philosophy创始人之一，著有《论说文集》 Essays，为英国发展史上的里程碑;另有《学术的推进》 The advancement of learning 和《新工具》The New Instrument

四、 启蒙时期(18世纪)

　1、 约翰?弥尔顿 John Milton：《失乐园》Paradise Lost、《为英国人民争辩》

　2、 约翰?班扬 John Bunyan：《天路历程》Religiousallegory

　3、 约翰?德莱顿 John Dryden：英国新古典主义British Neoclassicism的杰出代表、桂冠诗人;著有《论戏剧诗》Essay of Dramatick Poesie

　4、 亚历山大.蒲柏 Alexander Pope：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表;英雄双韵体(前方?乔叟?有提及)的使用达到登峰造极的使用;《田园诗集》Pastorals是其最早田园诗歌代表作

　5、 托马斯?格雷 Thomas Gray：感伤主义 sentimentalism 中墓园诗派Greyard School的代表人物 《墓园挽歌》Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard

　6、 威廉?布莱克 William Blake：《天真与经验之歌》 Songs of Innocence and Experience

　7、 罗伯特?彭斯 Robert Burns：苏格兰最杰出的诗人，著有《一朵红红的玫瑰》A Red, Red Rose，《友谊地久天长》Auld Lang Syne

　8、理查德?斯蒂尔 Richard Steel和约瑟夫?艾迪生 Joseph Addison合作创办《闲谈者》The tatler和《旁观者》The Spectator

　9、丹尼尔?笛福Daniel Defoe： 英国现实主义British realistic novel 的奠基人之一;著有《鲁滨逊漂流记》The life and strange surprising adventures;《铲除非国教徒的捷径》The Shortest-Way with the Dissenters

　10、乔纳森?斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift ：著有《格列佛游记》Gulliver's Trels;《一个温和的建议》A Modest Proposal;Gulliver's Trels;《桶的故事》ATale of A Tub;

　11、塞缪尔?理查森 Samuel Richardson ：英国现代English modern novel 的创始人,著有《帕梅拉》 Pamela: Or, Virtue Rewarded ;《克拉丽莎》Clarissa orthe History of a Young Lady;查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史The History of Sir Charles Grandison

　12、亨利?菲尔丁HenryFielding ：英国现实主义理论的奠基人the founder of the English realistic novel;著有《汤姆.琼斯》The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling，代表英国现实主义的最高成就;《约瑟夫?安德鲁传》The History of the Advertures of Joseph Andrews, And of his friend Mr. Abraham Adams。 菲尔丁和丹尼尔?笛福、塞缪尔?理查逊并称为英国现代的三大奠基人。

　13、劳伦斯?斯特恩 Laurence Sterne：感伤主义sentimentalism的杰出代表，著有《项狄传》The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman，为第一部开创了意识流stream of consciousness的先驱之作品;《感伤的旅行》 A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy

这是文章的标题，一个大写为 the Allegory of the Ce。

著名的《洞穴之喻》以形象生动的方式表明了柏拉图政治哲学的基本理念，这就是：理想的国家具有唯一性，真正的哲学家适合做统治者；囚徒缺少的是自由而不仅仅是知识；理想国家须以宗教作补充。柏拉图的哲学王思想标志着古典希腊城邦公共政治生活时代的结束，哲学与宗教时代的开始。

这一比喻与太阳之喻和线段之喻相联系。洞穴之中的世界相应于可感世界，而洞穴外面的世界则比作理智世界。